@IMFNews – Ethiopian Business Review

Gadaa Bank has officially listed its shares on the Ethiopian Securities Exchange (ESX), becoming the second company to join the exchange’s main board, after Wegagen Bank made its debut.

The listing follows the Ethiopian Capital Market Authority’s (ECMA) approval of the bank’s prospectus on June 17, 2025, marking a key milestone for both the two-year-old bank and the ESX, which is yet to commence active trading.

The two-year-old bank, notable for its large and growing shareholder base of over 28,000 investors, listed 1.23 million ordinary shares at a par value of ETB 1,000 each, valuing the institution at ETB 1.23 billion (approximately USD 9 million). This achievement is especially remarkable given Gadaa Bank’s relatively short operational history, marking it as the first in its peer group to reach such a milestone.

The listing fully complies with Capital Market Proclamation No. 1248/2021 and the Public Offer and Trading of Securities Directive No. 1030/2024, underscoring the bank’s commitment to regulatory standards and transparency. The listing includes existing ordinary shares held by shareholders and reflects Gadaa Bank’s pioneering role as an early adopter of Ethiopia’s nascent capital markets.

A ceremony at the ESX headquarters brought together key stakeholders including government officials, financial experts, and members of the media to witness the occasion.

Speaking at the event, Wolde Bulto, CEO of Gadaa Bank, emphasized the importance of the listing:
“The listing will create liquidity for our shareholders and unlock new opportunities for capital formation. This will allow us to expand our reach and introduce innovative financial products and services that genuinely address the diverse needs of our customers.”

Dr. Hassen Hussien, Chairperson of Gadaa Bank, reaffirmed the bank’s vision:
“As a new player in the banking industry, we are committed to building a strong foundation based on trust and transparency. Being listed on the Ethiopian Securities Exchange reaffirms our dedication to transparency, growth, and public participation in our journey. We believe this will enhance our financial capacity, strengthen corporate governance, and improve our trust and credibility in the market.”

Dr. Tilahun E. Kassahun, CEO of the Ethiopian Securities Exchange (ESX), praised the development:
“Today marks yet another proud moment for Ethiopia’s capital market. Gadaa Bank’s listing demonstrates the growing confidence in our Exchange and the value of public markets in driving inclusive economic growth. We commend Gadaa Bank for its leadership and commitment, and we look forward to supporting more institutions in accessing capital, deepening market participation, and building long-term value for the Ethiopian people.”

White-Minimalist-Economics-Headline-News-Instagram-Post-2025-06-23T134032.385.png

Ethiopia recorded a significant rebound in foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2024, attracting approximately US USD3.98 billion, a 21.9% increase compared to the previous year, according to the latest United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) World Investment Report 2025.

This growth positions Ethiopia as the leading FDI recipient in East Africa, a region that collectively attracted around USD8.5 billion in 2024, marking modest growth despite a challenging global environment characterized by an 11% decline in worldwide FDI flows.

Neighboring countries contributed to this regional investment landscape with Kenya drawing an estimated USD2.5 billion in FDI, Tanzania about USD1.1 billion, Uganda approximately USD0.7 billion, and Rwanda close to USD0.2 billion. These inflows reflect steady investor interest across sectors such as fintech, manufacturing, infrastructure, renewable energy, agribusiness, and technology.

Ethiopia’s surge is driven by reforms and investments targeting telecommunications, renewable energy, agribusiness, and logistics, marking a recovery after subdued inflows following its 2016/17 peak of USD4.12 billion.

The East African region showed resilience, with greenfield projects increasing by 32% and international project finance deals rising 38%, signaling confidence in new investments despite global FDI contractions.

Regional integration initiatives such as the East African Community (EAC) and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) remain vital in enhancing investment flows and fostering economic diversification across the region.

In a further boost to Ethiopia’s regional economic engagement, the Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration (MoTRI) recently convened a high-level validation workshop on the country’s National AfCFTA Implementation Strategy. The event brought together policymakers, private sector representatives, development partners, and trade experts to review the final draft of the strategy designed to guide Ethiopia’s active participation in the landmark continental trade agreement.

White-Minimalist-Economics-Headline-News-Instagram-Post-2025-06-17T131322.767.png

Ethiopia has been ranked as the first expensive country to live in Africa, according to new global data from Numbeo, the world’s largest cost of living database. The report titled “Cost of Living Index by Country 2025” shows that, compared to other African countries, people in Ethiopia now spend more money on basic things like food, transportation, and dining.

Ethiopia is ranked 53rd in the world with cost of living index 46.5, higher than any other African country listed. The high cost of groceries is one of the main reasons for Ethiopia’s top ranking. This shows that it is becoming harder for people to afford their weekly shopping, especially for families living on fixed or low incomes.

Ethiopia’s position stands in contrast to other relatively high-ranking African nations on the cost-of-living scale. Botswana, Mozambique, Ivory Coast, Somalia, Cameroon, and Mauritius follow behind, with Zimbabwe trailing these countries.

Although rent in Ethiopia is still relatively low compared to many parts of the world, the combined cost of rent and living expenses remains very high for most people. Eating at restaurants, transportation, and general services are all getting more expensive. The transportation index shows that traveling inside the country, whether for work or personal needs, is more costly than in most other African countries.

These rising costs come during a time of economic change. Over the past year, Ethiopia has made big shifts in its economy such as adjusting its currency system and reducing government spending. While these changes are meant to help in the long term, they are causing short-term pain for many citizens. Prices have gone up, but salaries have not kept pace, which means that many people are struggling to afford the same standard of living they had a year or two ago.

For example, Numbeo estimates that a single person living in Addis Ababa would now need around USD800 per month (excluding rent) to cover basic living costs. A family of four would need more than USD2,700 per month. This is far above what most Ethiopian households actually earn.

This situation is affecting not only families but also small businesses. With fewer people able to spend money, many shops and restaurants are seeing fewer customers. Some companies are cutting jobs or closing down altogether. The pressure is felt most strongly in cities like Addis Ababa, where prices have risen faster than incomes.

Copy-of-White-Minimalist-Economics-Headline-News-Instagram-Post-45.png

Ethiopia is set to receive USD 260 million in fresh funding from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as part of a broader USD 3.4 billion loan program aimed at supporting economic recovery and ongoing reforms.

This latest installment brings the total IMF support disbursed under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) to nearly USD 1.85 billion. The fund’s staff and Ethiopian authorities have now reached a staff-level agreement to complete the third review of the program.

The news comes as Ethiopia shows strong signs of macroeconomic improvement. According to the IMF, inflation is cooling down, exports are rising, and international reserves are growing faster than expected.

“Ethiopia’s economic performance has gone beyond expectations,” said Alvaro Piris, head of the IMF team that visited Addis Ababa in April. “The shift to a more flexible exchange rate has gone smoothly, and government efforts to modernize monetary policy, improve tax collection, and reform state-owned enterprises are starting to bear fruit.”

Despite the progress, challenges remain. The gap between official and black market exchange rates has widened again in early 2025. The IMF notes that fees and commissions in the foreign exchange market are still high, making currency access difficult for many businesses.

To fix this, new measures are being rolled out to make the FX market more transparent and efficient. These include easing restrictions, reducing costs, and improving regulation.

The IMF also emphasized the importance of keeping up the reform momentum. Continued discipline in monetary policy, better tax systems, and a stronger private sector are all seen as key to building long-term growth.

The ECF program, approved in July 2024, is designed to help Ethiopia stabilize its economy, support vulnerable communities, and unlock growth by encouraging private investment and reforming outdated financial systems.

Copy-of-White-Minimalist-Economics-Headline-News-Instagram-Post-43.png

Ethiopia’s Council of Ministers, in its 46th regular meeting, approved the Medium-Term Macroeconomic and Fiscal Framework for 2026–2030, a key instrument to guide budget planning and policy direction for the coming fiscal years. The framework aims to expand the government’s revenue base, ensure sustainable public expenditure, and support a stable macroeconomic environment.

The approved framework is expected to serve as a foundation for next year’s federal budget, aligning fiscal strategy with broader economic reforms currently underway in the country.

In the same meeting, the Council endorsed two financial agreements signed with international development partners. A $49.55 million loan from the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa will support youth employment projects in coordination with agro-industrial parks. A second loan of SDR 45.1 million from the International Development Association (IDA) will be directed toward improving health service delivery for women and girls. Both loans carry favorable conditions, including long grace periods and minimal service fees.

The Council also approved a regulation prepared by the Ministry of Labor and Skills, which sets service fees for foreign employment agencies. The regulation is intended to help the ministry recover operational costs while considering the financial capacity of users. It will take effect upon publication in the Federal Gazette.

Further, the Council discussed and passed a draft proclamation on employment abroad, aimed at ensuring the safety, rights, and dignity of Ethiopian citizens working overseas. It also intends to improve the country’s ability to benefit from foreign employment opportunities. The draft was referred to the House of People’s Representatives for further legislative process.

Lastly, a draft proclamation on plant protection and quarantine was approved and forwarded to the House. The measure aims to strengthen pest control systems, facilitate safe trade in agricultural goods, and ensure compliance with the International Plant Protection Convention.

Copy-of-White-Minimalist-Economics-Headline-News-Instagram-Post-42.png

Ethiopia has recorded a significant drop in inflation—from 30% to 13%, since adopting a market-based foreign exchange regime for the first time in five decades. The milestone was revealed during the 2025 IMF–World Bank Spring Meetings, where National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) Governor Mamo Mihretu discussed the government’s sweeping macroeconomic reforms with IMF African Department Director Abebe Aemro Selassie.

The reform package, part of Ethiopia’s Homegrown Economic Reform Program—includes a transition to interest rate-based monetary policy, the cessation of central bank financing of the government, and the introduction of open market operations. According to Mamo, these changes are already bearing fruit.

“We’ve prioritized price stability, strengthened policy transparency, and tripled our foreign currency reserves,” he noted. “For the first time in 50 years, Ethiopia is operating under a market-based forex system.”

The shift comes amid broader efforts to unlock private sector growth, expand access to credit, and enhance the competitiveness of Ethiopian exports. Backed by a $3.4 billion IMF credit facility, the government is also tackling debt vulnerabilities and reforming state-owned enterprises to create a more sustainable and investment-friendly economy.

Analysts suggest the reforms could mark a turning point for Ethiopia’s economic trajectory—positioning it as a more attractive destination for both local and foreign investors.

“Our goal is a stable, job-creating economy anchored in market discipline and inclusive growth,” Mamo emphasized.

Copy-of-White-Minimalist-Economics-Headline-News-Instagram-Post-30.png

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is expected to convene this summer to consider the third review of Ethiopia’s USD3.4 billion support program, according to a spokesperson cited by Reuters. The review remains on track with the original schedule, signaling continued confidence in Ethiopia’s reform trajectory despite recent delays in securing a staff-level agreement.

An IMF delegation visited Addis Ababa in mid-April for routine assessments. At the time, Ethiopian authorities anticipated a swift announcement of a staff-level agreement. However, no official update has since been issued, leaving observers awaiting clarity as the Executive Board meeting nears.

If approved in June, the review will unlock a 191.70 million Special Drawing Rights (SDR) tranche—equivalent to about USD265 million—to support the country’s sweeping macroeconomic reform agenda. The disbursement would represent a crucial injection of liquidity as Ethiopia navigates fiscal consolidation, foreign exchange liberalization, and structural adjustments.

The IMF program, agreed upon last July, was a key requirement for Ethiopia’s participation in the G20’s Common Framework for debt restructuring. Since then, the government has secured a preliminary deal with official creditors and is preparing to engage with private bondholders in the coming weeks and months.

Copy-of-White-Minimalist-Economics-Headline-News-Instagram-Post-25.png

The National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) has sold USD 50 million in its sixth bi-weekly foreign exchange auction, part of its ongoing commitment to a market-based forex mechanism aimed at enhancing price discovery and external stability.

The weighted average rate of successful bids in this round reached ETB 133.1715 per US Dollar, compared to ETB 132.9643 in the previous auction held on May 7, 2025. This reflects a slight depreciation of the Birr by approximately 0.16%, consistent with the central bank’s strategy to gradually align the official rate with real market dynamics.

A total of 14 commercial banks received foreign currency allocations in today’s auction. The results suggest continued demand for USD among local banks, while the Birr’s modest weakening indicates a controlled shift towards a more competitive exchange rate regime.

The auction mechanism, introduced as part of broader monetary reforms in 2024, is designed to narrow the gap between official and parallel market rates, foster transparency, and ensure equitable foreign currency distribution.

The next forex auction is scheduled to take place in two weeks, with details to be announced ahead of time.

A newly released 22-year economic assessment by the Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA) has revealed that Ethiopia’s total public debt has surged to USD 62.5 billion, triggering renewed concerns over fiscal sustainability and the country’s broader economic trajectory. The report, which comprehensively reviews the nation’s economic performance and governance from 2001 to 2023, delivers a stark warning about the consequences of weak macroeconomic management, civil conflict, and slowing growth.

The 2025 edition of the assessment marks a turning point in methodology and depth, employing standardized and rigorous analytical tools to examine sectoral performance with greater consistency than previous editions. According to the findings, Ethiopia’s economic expansion has slowed considerably since 2016. Both gross domestic product (GDP) and GDP per capita have declined, signaling a reversal from the high-growth period of the 2000s and early 2010s. Inflation has accelerated during the same period, eroding purchasing power and weakening macroeconomic stability. Investment activity has also contracted, while the country’s productive capacity, which expanded until 2019, has since plateaued—limiting opportunities to enhance output and improve livelihoods.

The agricultural sector, historically the backbone of Ethiopia’s economy, has seen a steady decline in its share of GDP, particularly after 2004/05, as the service sector gained prominence. Despite its critical importance, fertilizer usage in the country remains far below international standards, and only 7.8 percent of total loans issued over the past two decades have supported agriculture. The consequences of this underinvestment have become evident in the nation’s food security. From 2020 to 2022, more than 21 percent of Ethiopians experienced food insecurity, with rural communities bearing the greatest burden.

The report also paints a grim picture of the manufacturing sector. In 2023, industrial output accounted for only 4.48 percent of GDP—well below the global average of 12.33 percent. Its contribution to employment was equally modest, at just 6.47 percent. Although import substitution efforts have yielded limited results, progress remains constrained by persistent shortages of raw materials and unreliable utility services. The report notes that challenges in electricity and water supply continue to limit productivity.

Ethiopia’s financial sector, described as shallow and underdeveloped, is struggling to support structural transformation. Credit allocation remains skewed toward non-productive areas, with key sectors like agriculture and industry often bypassed. While financial inclusion has improved overall, significant disparities remain between urban and rural populations, as well as between men and women.

On the fiscal side, government revenues have grown by over 200 percent in nominal terms between 2002 and 2022. However, these gains have been offset by rising inflation, which has reduced the real value of public spending. The country’s debt burden now equates to USD 575.6 per capita. With high levels of debt stress and an underperforming export sector, the report urges the government to improve revenue mobilization and expand foreign currency earnings.

Poverty trends also reveal troubling setbacks. Although the poverty rate dropped from 30.9 percent in 2018/19 to 26.1 percent in 2021/22, it remains higher than the 24 percent recorded in 2015/16. The poorest households have experienced the sharpest decline in living standards, worsened by inflation and recurring conflict.

Governance issues are another central concern. Since 2020, the report observes a deterioration in public trust and governance, contributing to increased unpredictability, internal conflict, and weak economic oversight. The erosion of investor confidence, rising unemployment, and stagnation in growth are all linked to prolonged instability and institutional weakness.

To address these challenges, the EEA emphasizes the need for consistent, prudent, and well-coordinated development policies. It advocates for stronger governance systems, renewed efforts to restore investor confidence, and the integration of peace-building initiatives into national development planning. In particular, the report recommends reallocating public spending towards long-term capital investment, broadening the tax base in a non-inflationary manner, and designing more inclusive financial policies.

Copy-of-White-Minimalist-Economics-Headline-News-Instagram-Post-21.png

A new report by ActionAid has revealed the devastating impact of austerity-driven budget cuts on health and education systems across six African countries, including Ethiopia. The study, titled “The Human Cost of Public Sector Cuts in Africa,” highlights a significant decline in public investment and the consequences it brings for both workers and communities.

Surveying more than 600 healthcare workers, teachers, and community members in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, and Nigeria, the report found stark indicators of crisis. Teachers’ salaries have dropped by up to 50% over the past five years, and 97% of healthcare workers reported that their income no longer covers basic needs such as food and rent.

In Ethiopia, the situation has grown particularly severe. There is a dire shortage of affordable medical supplies, with residents forced to seek care at high-cost private clinics. “Five years ago, we could buy antimalarial drugs for 50 birr. Now it costs over 500 birr in private centers,” said Marym, a resident of Muyakela Kebele.

The education sector is also under immense pressure. Across the surveyed countries, 87% of teachers reported a lack of basic teaching materials, often having to cover these costs out of their own pockets. “With over 200 students and no resources, delivering quality education is nearly impossible,” said Maluwa, a primary school teacher from Malawi.

ActionAid attributes these widespread challenges to austerity policies promoted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The organization argues that IMF-driven fiscal frameworks encourage governments to prioritize debt repayments over essential public spending. For instance, in 2024, Nigeria allocated just 4% of national revenue to health, while over 20% was directed to servicing foreign debt.

“The IMF’s push for austerity is forcing countries to sacrifice essential services,” said Andrew Mamedu, ActionAid Nigeria’s Country Director. “Governments must prioritize people, not debt.”

In response, ActionAid is calling for increased investment in public services through fair and progressive taxation, and a shift away from harmful economic policies that deepen inequality and weaken public institutions.

Older Posts

Gadaa Bank Joins Ethiopia’s Budding Stock Exchange, Becomes Second Firm to List

Ethiopia’s FDI Surges Nearly 22% to USD4 Billion in 2024, Leading East Africa’s Investment Recovery

Ethiopia Tops Africa’s Cost of Living Index Amid Economic Reform Pressures

IMF Staff Back USD260M Disbursement as ‘Ethiopia Exceeds Reform Targets’

Council of Ministers Approves Five-Year Fiscal Framework to Guide Budget and Reforms

Ethiopia’s Inflation Falls 17 Points to 13% After Adopting Market-Based Forex System

IMF to Review Ethiopia’s USD3.4B Program Despite Staff-Level Delay

Ethiopia Conducts Sixth Forex Auction, Birr Weakens Slightly

Ethiopia’s Public Debt Hits USD 62.5 Billion as New Report Sounds Alarm on Economic Stability

Ethiopia Among Six African Nations Hit Hard by IMF-Driven Budget Cuts