@AfDB_Group – Ethiopian Business Review

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Ethiopia has been ranked as the first expensive country to live in Africa, according to new global data from Numbeo, the world’s largest cost of living database. The report titled “Cost of Living Index by Country 2025” shows that, compared to other African countries, people in Ethiopia now spend more money on basic things like food, transportation, and dining.

Ethiopia is ranked 53rd in the world with cost of living index 46.5, higher than any other African country listed. The high cost of groceries is one of the main reasons for Ethiopia’s top ranking. This shows that it is becoming harder for people to afford their weekly shopping, especially for families living on fixed or low incomes.

Ethiopia’s position stands in contrast to other relatively high-ranking African nations on the cost-of-living scale. Botswana, Mozambique, Ivory Coast, Somalia, Cameroon, and Mauritius follow behind, with Zimbabwe trailing these countries.

Although rent in Ethiopia is still relatively low compared to many parts of the world, the combined cost of rent and living expenses remains very high for most people. Eating at restaurants, transportation, and general services are all getting more expensive. The transportation index shows that traveling inside the country, whether for work or personal needs, is more costly than in most other African countries.

These rising costs come during a time of economic change. Over the past year, Ethiopia has made big shifts in its economy such as adjusting its currency system and reducing government spending. While these changes are meant to help in the long term, they are causing short-term pain for many citizens. Prices have gone up, but salaries have not kept pace, which means that many people are struggling to afford the same standard of living they had a year or two ago.

For example, Numbeo estimates that a single person living in Addis Ababa would now need around USD800 per month (excluding rent) to cover basic living costs. A family of four would need more than USD2,700 per month. This is far above what most Ethiopian households actually earn.

This situation is affecting not only families but also small businesses. With fewer people able to spend money, many shops and restaurants are seeing fewer customers. Some companies are cutting jobs or closing down altogether. The pressure is felt most strongly in cities like Addis Ababa, where prices have risen faster than incomes.

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The Addis Ababa City Administration Cabinet has proposed a substantial budget increase for the 2025/2026 fiscal year, submitting a draft budget of ETB 350 billion to the city council, as reported by Fana Media Corporation (FMC). This represents a major expansion compared to the approved ETB 230.39 billion budget for the current 2024/2025 fiscal year.

The current fiscal year’s budget already marked a significant 64% rise from the previous year, with capital expenditures accounting for nearly two-thirds of the total allocation. Priorities included infrastructure development, job creation, housing projects, and poverty alleviation initiatives designed to support the city’s rapidly growing population.

Building on this foundation, the newly proposed budget allocates approximately 249.9 percent of its resources to critical sectors such as sustainable development, infrastructure expansion, poverty reduction, job creation, and subsidies for essential public services. The remaining ETB 100.1 billion is reserved for the city’s regular operational costs, managed with a strong emphasis on fiscal discipline and savings.

In parallel, the cabinet approved revisions to land lease bid prices following recommendations from the Land Development and Administration Bureau. The city’s Communication Bureau explained to the FMC that this adjustment is in response to improved infrastructure within corridor development zones, stable land prices, and future urban expansion requirements.

Ethiopia, in partnership with the African Union, is set to host the Second Africa Climate Summit (ACS2) from September 8–10, 2025, reaffirming its role in advancing continental climate leadership. Held under the theme “Green Talks and Green Actions,” the summit will spotlight Nature-Based Solutions as central to Africa’s climate adaptation and mitigation strategy, with a focus on re-greening the continent and reinforcing African solidarity.

The summit comes at a time when Ethiopia is accelerating its shift toward sustainable development. In a landmark policy shift, the government has enacted a full ban on single-use plastics—modernizing environmental regulations that had remained largely unchanged for nearly two decades. The administration has also introduced a draft proclamation on ecosystem services, proposing the introduction of a fee framework to support conservation and equitable resource management.

Ethiopia’s climate efforts are further anchored by its Green Legacy Initiative, which has seen the planting of more than 32 billion seedlings over the past five years, with an estimated 90% survival rate. The campaign, launched by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, has gained international recognition for its scale and emphasis on ecological restoration.

“As Ethiopia launches its Green Legacy season, its preparations reflect a deep commitment to practical climate solutions,” Prime Minister Abiy stated on social media. “The call is clear: invest in nature, scale proven solutions, and embrace a model where ecology drives the economy.”

Preparatory consultations for ACS2 are already underway. In April, Ethiopia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Gedion Timothewos, and Minister of Planning and Development, Fitsum Assefa, held discussions with Moses Vilakati, African Union Commissioner for Agriculture, Rural Development, Blue Economy and Sustainable Environment. Commissioner Vilakati commended Ethiopia’s proactive stance and its readiness to lead the upcoming continental gathering.

The Africa Climate Summit, first launched in Nairobi in 2023, is becoming a key platform for African nations to articulate homegrown climate solutions, financing models, and regional cooperation frameworks. The first edition culminated in the adoption of the Nairobi Declaration, which called for reforming global climate finance, establishing a carbon tax, and unlocking green investments. Ethiopia’s hosting of the second edition is expected to build momentum around the continent’s climate diplomacy and green transformation agenda.

Ethiopian Airlines has emerged as the leading player in Africa’s cargo aviation sector, now holding 35 percent of the continent’s market share, according to a new report by the African Finance Corporation (AFC). The airline has significantly expanded its annual cargo capacity, growing from 266,000 tons in 2016 to 715,000 tons by 2023.

The AFC report also highlights persistent gaps in intra-African air transport. In regions such as West Africa, European carriers continue to dominate cargo and passenger traffic. Kenyan Airways and Royal Air Maroc, the next closest competitors, together account for only 25 percent of the cargo market, signaling a sharp contrast in competitiveness.

The report commends Ethiopia and Kenya for using their national airlines to strengthen export trade and urges other African countries to adopt similar strategies. Ethiopian Airlines currently operates 16 dedicated cargo aircraft and serves 60 international destinations, with half located within Africa. The airline plans to expand its cargo fleet to 37 aircraft by the year 2035, reinforcing its long-term commitment to the sector.

In addition, the report praises Ethiopia’s advances in digital infrastructure, particularly in the rapid growth of telecom service users and the increasing adoption of digital technologies. These developments are positioning the country as a leader in Africa’s digital transformation.

Despite such progress, the AFC identifies weak infrastructure as a major constraint to the growth and competitiveness of Africa’s aviation sector. Addressing these limitations is seen as critical to unlocking further potential.

The report also identifies other high-potential sectors across the continent. These include mining, agriculture, logistics, and digital infrastructure. Ethiopia is highlighted as the top wheat producer in sub-Saharan Africa, with wheat cultivation rising from 5,000 hectares in 2018 to 650,000 hectares in 2023.

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BitX, a global mining company has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Ethiopia Mining Farm, paving the way for cutting-edge AI-powered mining infrastructure in Ethiopia, according to Street Insider.

The agreement marks a significant milestone in BitX’s African expansion, introducing its flagship Bit-X V2 Accelerator into local mining operations. This AI-driven technology is designed to double mining efficiency without the need for hardware upgrades, offering a more sustainable and cost-effective approach to Bitcoin mining. Ethiopia is seen as a high-potential hub, thanks to its largely untapped energy reserves and increasing momentum in digital transformation.

BitX’s CEO highlighted that the partnership goes beyond efficiency—it aims to foster a more inclusive and decentralized Web3.0 mining model, where access and fairness are prioritized. Ethiopia Mining Farm officials echoed this vision, stating that the integration of BitX’s accelerator will significantly enhance their operational performance and global competitiveness.

According to the MoU, BitX plans to roll out its technology across 20,000 mining machines in Ethiopia by the end of 2025, with ambitions to expand across other African markets. A key part of this initiative is BitX’s Shared Accelerator Program, which allows global participants to invest in decentralized mining via AI-powered contracts, starting at just $100—making it accessible to a broad base of investors, including Ethiopians.

Unlike traditional mining models that depend heavily on hardware or low-cost electricity, BitX’s approach focuses on software optimization and energy efficiency, enabling emerging economies like Ethiopia to participate in the global Bitcoin mining economy without massive capital requirements.

With a proven track record in North America and Central Asia, BitX’s move into Ethiopia underscores a growing shift in global mining strategy, one that champions decentralization, smart technology, and environmental consciousness.

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The African Development Bank Group and the Federal Government of Nigeria have signed a protocol agreement committing USD500 million over 15 years to extend the Nigeria Trust Fund (NTF), providing long-term business continuity and planning certainty through 2040.

This extension comes after multiple previous renewals, reflecting the enduring value and relevance of Nigeria’s partnership with the African Development Bank.

Dr Akinwunmi Adesina, President of the African Development Bank Group said that the commitment will allow the Bank’s ability to expand hybrid capital instruments, increase securitization, and scale up private sector operations. This move is expected to mobilize more private capital for low-income countries. “Nigeria’s decision today proves that Nigeria is always on the right side. The NTF is the largest we have at the African Development Bank, which is part of the Bank. It helps to co-finance operations in many countries, as well as feasibility studies for some other countries.” he added

The agreement also enables deployment of resources from the fund in innovative treasury, structuring, and other transactions, including balance sheet optimization, structured finance, and catalytic risk-sharing solutions.

The Bank and Nigerian authorities are working on new financial products, updating approval processes, and developing a communications strategy to raise visibility for Nigeria’s contributions.

The Nigeria Trust Fund serves as a fully-fledged financial window of the AfDB. Since its creation, the NTF has financed 92 projects in 33 countries. The Fund has played a crucial role in filling financing gaps in high-impact sectors, particularly in the continent’s least developed countries.

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The Trade and Development Bank Group (TDB Group) has been named Africa’s Bank of the Year at the 2025 African Banker Awards, held during the Annual Meetings of the African Development Bank. The honor recognizes TDB’s continued commitment to inclusive finance, service innovation, and its contribution to Africa’s sustainable economic growth.

TDB’s strength lies in its ability to adapt and lead through reform. Despite a rapidly changing financial landscape, the Bank has maintained its development impact by innovating its capital structure—most notably with the introduction of hybrid capital in 2024—and attracting institutional investors aligned with long-term development goals.

The Bank continues to deliver impactful project and trade financing, while also addressing upstream challenges through concessional finance, technical assistance, and development programs. Its work supports critical priorities such as women’s empowerment, youth employment, and responsible investment across African economies.

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Ethiopia is set to receive USD 260 million in fresh funding from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as part of a broader USD 3.4 billion loan program aimed at supporting economic recovery and ongoing reforms.

This latest installment brings the total IMF support disbursed under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) to nearly USD 1.85 billion. The fund’s staff and Ethiopian authorities have now reached a staff-level agreement to complete the third review of the program.

The news comes as Ethiopia shows strong signs of macroeconomic improvement. According to the IMF, inflation is cooling down, exports are rising, and international reserves are growing faster than expected.

“Ethiopia’s economic performance has gone beyond expectations,” said Alvaro Piris, head of the IMF team that visited Addis Ababa in April. “The shift to a more flexible exchange rate has gone smoothly, and government efforts to modernize monetary policy, improve tax collection, and reform state-owned enterprises are starting to bear fruit.”

Despite the progress, challenges remain. The gap between official and black market exchange rates has widened again in early 2025. The IMF notes that fees and commissions in the foreign exchange market are still high, making currency access difficult for many businesses.

To fix this, new measures are being rolled out to make the FX market more transparent and efficient. These include easing restrictions, reducing costs, and improving regulation.

The IMF also emphasized the importance of keeping up the reform momentum. Continued discipline in monetary policy, better tax systems, and a stronger private sector are all seen as key to building long-term growth.

The ECF program, approved in July 2024, is designed to help Ethiopia stabilize its economy, support vulnerable communities, and unlock growth by encouraging private investment and reforming outdated financial systems.

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Ethiopia is actively pursuing fresh budgetary support from the African Development Bank Group (AfDB) as part of its participation in the institution’s high-level Annual Meetings currently underway in Abidjan. The Ethiopian delegation, led by State Minister of Finance Semereta Sewasew, is using the platform to engage key bilateral and multilateral partners in a bid to unlock vital financial resources.

On the sidelines of the meetings, the State Minister held substantive discussions with senior officials from major development partners, including Eric Meyer, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Africa at the U.S. Department of the Treasury, and Steven Collet, Deputy Director-General of International Cooperation at the Netherlands’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Talks centered on bolstering economic cooperation and expanding strategic partnerships in sectors critical to Ethiopia’s development agenda.

The delegation’s primary mission, however, includes presenting Ethiopia’s request for a new budget support project—a move that underscores the country’s need for external financing to maintain macroeconomic stability and continue development programs amid global shocks and regional fiscal constraints.

The request comes at a time when many African economies, including Ethiopia, are grappling with high debt stress, reduced access to concessional financing, and mounting climate-related vulnerabilities. Ethiopia’s approach reflects a broader trend among African nations seeking adaptive, long-term financial partnerships with institutions like the AfDB to weather ongoing challenges.

As part of the high-stakes gathering, State Minister Semereta is also scheduled to participate in the election of the next AfDB President, set for 29 May 2025. The incoming leader will take charge of the continent’s premier development bank at a time of declining development assistance and heightened global volatility.

Beyond the election, the Ethiopian delegation is expected to join thematic sessions on climate finance, debt sustainability, and resource mobilization, while continuing bilateral consultations with international partners.

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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is expected to convene this summer to consider the third review of Ethiopia’s USD3.4 billion support program, according to a spokesperson cited by Reuters. The review remains on track with the original schedule, signaling continued confidence in Ethiopia’s reform trajectory despite recent delays in securing a staff-level agreement.

An IMF delegation visited Addis Ababa in mid-April for routine assessments. At the time, Ethiopian authorities anticipated a swift announcement of a staff-level agreement. However, no official update has since been issued, leaving observers awaiting clarity as the Executive Board meeting nears.

If approved in June, the review will unlock a 191.70 million Special Drawing Rights (SDR) tranche—equivalent to about USD265 million—to support the country’s sweeping macroeconomic reform agenda. The disbursement would represent a crucial injection of liquidity as Ethiopia navigates fiscal consolidation, foreign exchange liberalization, and structural adjustments.

The IMF program, agreed upon last July, was a key requirement for Ethiopia’s participation in the G20’s Common Framework for debt restructuring. Since then, the government has secured a preliminary deal with official creditors and is preparing to engage with private bondholders in the coming weeks and months.

Older Posts

Ethiopia Tops Africa’s Cost of Living Index Amid Economic Reform Pressures

Addis Ababa City Plans Major Budget Expansion to Tackle Infrastructure and Poverty

Ethiopia to Host Second Africa Climate Summit in 2025, Championing Nature-Based Solutions

Ethiopian Airlines Controls Over One-Third of Africa’s Cargo Market

BitX Enters Africa via Ethiopia in Major AI-Driven Mining Deal

AfDB Secures USD500 Million from Nigeria to Expand Development Fund Until 2040

TDB Group Named Africa’s Bank of the Year

IMF Staff Back USD260M Disbursement as ‘Ethiopia Exceeds Reform Targets’

Ethiopia Seeks New Budget Support at AfDB Annual Meetings

IMF to Review Ethiopia’s USD3.4B Program Despite Staff-Level Delay