In 2012, the Pew Research Center found that 85pct of self-described middle-class adults in the United States believe that it is more difficult now than it was a decade ago for people like them to maintain their standard of living. The share of Americans who say that they are in the lower-middle or lower class has risen from a quarter of the adult population in 2008 to around a third today. And Pew’s research found that only 63pct of those surveyed believe that hard work leads to success, down from 74pct in 1999.